Forging is one of the common manufacturing processes, that shapes a metal piece by applying compressive forces on it. Forging could be performed under different temperature conditions, like hot forging, warm forging and cold forging. The forging process uses hammers or presses to squeeze and deform the material into high strength parts.
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The forging manufacturing process is completely different from the casting one, where the molten material is poured into a mold (see difference between forging and casting). Another significant advantage over the other manufacturing methods (such as casting and machining) is that, forging improves the mechanical properties of the material by refining its grain structure and making it tougher and stronger. This makes forging served in various industrial applications.
The hot forging process involves the application of extreme heat, with the desired temperature depending on the type of metal. For instance, the average temperature required for deforming steel is approximately 2,100 degrees Fahrenheit; for aluminum alloys, the temperature range is 680 to 970 degrees Fahrenheit; for copper alloys, the range is 1,300 to 1,470 degrees Fahrenheit. The high temperature is necessary to prevent strain hardening during deformation.
Hot forging is typically the best choice for steel forgings used in technical applications and for deforming metal that has a high formability ratio. Key advantages of hot forging include a homogenized grain structure, low work hardening, increased ductility and a reduction in chemical inconsistencies. On the downside, hot forging offers less precise tolerances, the potential for warping during cooling and the possibility of an adverse reaction between the metal and the surrounding environment.
The advantages of hot forging include:
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Cold forging deforms metal while it is below its recrystallization point. Cold forging is generally preferred when the metal is already a soft metal, like aluminum. This process is usually less expensive than hot forging and the end product requires little, if any, finishing work. Sometimes, when aluminum is cold forged into a desired shape, it is heat treated to strengthen the piece. This is called “tempering.”
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Despite the word “cold,” cold forging actually occurs at or near room temperature. The most common metals in cold forging applications are usually standard or carbon alloy steels. One of the most common types of cold forging is a process called impression-die forging, where the metal is placed into a die that is attached to an anvil. The metal is then hit by a descending hammer and forced into the die. Depending on the product, the hammer may actually be dropped on the metal numerous times in a very rapid sequence.
The advantages of cold forging include:
Forging processes are generally not considered to be an eco-friendly part of the manufacturing process, but cold forging is probably the most eco-friendly process of its kind in operation today. For companies that care about reducing the carbon footprint of their products, the cold forging process can help reduce waste and decrease energy use compared to forging alternatives that use heat.
Other reasons why the cold forming process is the preferred choice include the:
In addition to the reasons listed above and the eco-friendly factor, cold forming is also one of the most cost-effective methods of forging in today’s market. For example, estimates indicate that this process can reduce your part cost as much as 40 to 60%.
The main difference between hot and cold forging may be summarized as follows: The cold forging manufacturing process increases the strength of a metal through strain hardening at a room temperature. On the contrary the hot forging manufacturing process keeps materials from strain hardening at high temperature, which results in optimum yield strength, low hardness and high ductility.
Finally, a manufacturer would choose one process over the other because of economic and quality reasons. The decision is based on the required functions of the desired component, the industry and if it’s a mass production or a low volume of customized parts.
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